9+ Who Owns Wachusett Brewery Now? (2024)

who bought wachusett brewery

9+ Who Owns Wachusett Brewery Now? (2024)

The acquisition of Wachusett Brewing Company involved a transition of ownership from its founders to a new entity. This type of transaction typically involves the purchase of a controlling interest in the company, transferring decision-making power and ownership rights. For example, a larger beverage company or a private equity firm might acquire a smaller brewery to expand its portfolio or market reach.

Understanding the shift in ownership provides crucial context for analyzing the brewery’s trajectory. Such changes can impact a brewery’s operations, product lines, distribution networks, and overall brand identity. Examining the acquiring entity’s background, industry experience, and strategic goals can offer insights into the future direction of the brewery and its potential for growth or change within the market. This background also offers a framework for interpreting future developments and announcements from the brewery.

This exploration into the brewery’s ownership change sets the stage for a deeper examination of several related topics, including the financial details of the acquisition, the rationale behind the purchase, the subsequent impact on the brewery’s employees and operations, and the overall effect on the craft beer landscape in the region.

1. Buyer’s Identity

Discerning the buyer’s identity is paramount to understanding the acquisition of Wachusett Brewing Company. This identification provides a foundation for analyzing the motivations behind the purchase and its potential implications for the brewery’s future. Examining the buyer’s background, industry experience, and strategic objectives offers critical context for interpreting the acquisition’s impact.

  • Type of Entity

    The buyer’s classification as a strategic buyer (e.g., another brewery, a beverage conglomerate) or a financial buyer (e.g., a private equity firm) reveals distinct motivations. A strategic buyer might seek synergies, market expansion, or brand portfolio diversification. A financial buyer, conversely, typically focuses on return on investment, potentially prioritizing profitability over brand legacy. Distinguishing between these buyer types illuminates the potential strategic direction of the brewery post-acquisition.

  • Industry Experience

    Evaluating the buyer’s experience within the beverage industry provides insights into their potential management approach. An established player likely possesses existing distribution networks, marketing expertise, and industry relationships, potentially leading to rapid integration and expansion. A newcomer, however, might lack this established infrastructure, potentially impacting the brewery’s established operations and market presence.

  • Financial Capacity

    The buyer’s financial resources influence the scale of investment and potential for future growth. A well-capitalized buyer can invest in expansion, marketing, and research and development, potentially driving innovation and market share growth. Conversely, a buyer with limited resources might implement cost-cutting measures, impacting production, staffing, or product quality.

  • Strategic Objectives

    Understanding the buyer’s long-term goals provides a framework for interpreting the acquisition’s purpose. These objectives could include market consolidation, brand diversification, geographic expansion, or leveraging existing infrastructure. Aligning these objectives with the brewery’s existing strengths and weaknesses provides insights into the likely trajectory of the brewery under new ownership.

By analyzing these facets of the buyer’s identity, a clearer picture emerges of the forces driving the acquisition and its potential ramifications for Wachusett Brewing Company. This understanding provides a critical foundation for assessing the long-term impact on the brewery, its employees, its products, and its place within the broader craft beer market.

2. Acquisition Date

The acquisition date of Wachusett Brewing Company represents a pivotal moment in its history, intrinsically linked to understanding the entity that acquired it. This date demarcates the transition of ownership and serves as a crucial reference point for analyzing the subsequent changes and their impact. Establishing the precise date enables a chronological understanding of the transaction’s context, including prevailing market conditions, industry trends, and the brewery’s performance leading up to the acquisition. For example, an acquisition during a period of industry consolidation suggests different motivations compared to an acquisition during a period of rapid growth. Similarly, acquiring a brewery experiencing financial difficulties versus one demonstrating strong performance signals distinct strategic objectives on the buyer’s part.

The acquisition date also provides a framework for evaluating the accuracy and relevance of information related to the transaction. Subsequent analyses of market share, financial performance, product development, and brand perception should all be contextualized within the timeframe established by the acquisition date. This chronological anchoring ensures that observations and conclusions accurately reflect the impact of new ownership. For instance, changes in distribution networks or product lines introduced before the acquisition date should not be attributed to the new owner’s influence. Understanding this distinction allows for a more nuanced assessment of the buyer’s actual impact on the brewery.

Pinpointing the acquisition date facilitates a structured analysis of the brewery’s evolution. This date serves as a marker against which to measure the buyer’s success in achieving their strategic objectives, whether those involve market expansion, brand revitalization, or cost optimization. By comparing pre- and post-acquisition data, analysts can assess the effectiveness of the buyer’s strategies and the overall impact of the ownership change on the brewery’s trajectory. Furthermore, understanding the acquisition date provides a historical anchor for future research and analysis, allowing for a long-term perspective on the evolving landscape of the craft beer industry and the specific journey of Wachusett Brewing Company.

3. Transaction Amount

The transaction amount associated with the acquisition of Wachusett Brewing Company represents a critical data point for evaluating the purchase and its implications. This figure provides a quantifiable measure of the perceived value of the brewery at the time of sale, reflecting factors such as brand reputation, market share, financial performance, and growth potential. Analyzing the transaction amount in conjunction with the buyer’s identity offers valuable insights into the motivations and strategic objectives underpinning the acquisition.

  • Valuation Metrics

    Understanding the metrics used to determine the transaction amount provides context for its interpretation. These metrics may include a multiple of revenue, earnings, or EBITDA (Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization). A high multiple suggests strong growth potential or significant intangible assets like brand recognition. Conversely, a lower multiple might indicate perceived financial challenges or limited growth prospects. Examining these metrics reveals the financial rationale behind the acquisition price.

  • Market Comparables

    Comparing the transaction amount to similar acquisitions within the craft brewing industry offers benchmarks for assessing its relative value. Analyzing transactions involving breweries of comparable size, market share, and financial performance provides context for evaluating whether the purchase price was in line with market norms. Significant deviations from comparable transactions could signal unique circumstances, such as a premium paid for a particularly desirable brand or a discounted price reflecting underlying financial issues.

  • Funding Sources

    The source of the funds used for the acquisition offers insights into the buyer’s financial stability and long-term commitment. An all-cash transaction might indicate a strong financial position and confidence in the brewery’s potential. Alternatively, a leveraged buyout, involving significant debt, could suggest higher risk tolerance and a focus on rapid returns. Analyzing the funding structure provides clues to the buyer’s financial approach and its potential implications for the brewery’s future.

  • Future Investment Implications

    The transaction amount can influence subsequent investment decisions by the acquiring entity. A high purchase price might necessitate cost-cutting measures or aggressive growth strategies to justify the investment. Conversely, a lower acquisition cost could provide more flexibility for long-term brand building and strategic development. Understanding the initial investment provides a framework for interpreting subsequent resource allocation decisions and their impact on the brewery’s operations.

By analyzing the transaction amount in relation to these facets, a clearer picture emerges of the acquisition’s financial dynamics and their potential influence on Wachusett Brewing Company’s future. This analysis, combined with an understanding of the buyer’s identity and strategic objectives, provides a more comprehensive perspective on the transaction’s implications for the brewery, its employees, and the craft beer market as a whole.

4. Strategic Rationale

Understanding the strategic rationale behind the acquisition of Wachusett Brewing Company is crucial for interpreting the buyer’s motivations and the potential implications for the brewery’s future. The rationale represents the underlying logic and strategic objectives driving the acquisition, providing a framework for analyzing the buyer’s decisions and their expected impact on the brewery, its employees, and the market. Exploring this rationale offers insights into the broader context of the transaction and its potential long-term consequences.

  • Market Consolidation

    Acquiring an established brewery like Wachusett can serve as a market consolidation strategy. This involves increasing market share and reducing competition by absorbing existing players. For example, a larger brewery might acquire a smaller regional competitor to expand its geographic reach and gain access to new customer segments. In the case of Wachusett, the buyer’s rationale might involve consolidating its presence within the New England craft beer market.

  • Brand Portfolio Diversification

    Acquisitions can enable brand portfolio diversification, mitigating risk and expanding market appeal. A company specializing in mass-produced beers might acquire a craft brewery like Wachusett to tap into the growing craft beer segment and cater to evolving consumer preferences. This diversification strategy can broaden the buyer’s customer base and enhance its overall market resilience.

  • Vertical Integration

    A strategic rationale might involve vertical integration, controlling multiple stages of the supply chain. For instance, a beverage distributor might acquire a brewery to secure a consistent supply of product and exert greater control over pricing and distribution channels. This integration can enhance efficiency and potentially reduce costs.

  • Access to Resources and Capabilities

    Acquiring a brewery can provide access to valuable resources and capabilities. This might include established brewing facilities, experienced brewing staff, proprietary recipes, or strong brand recognition. In Wachusett’s case, the buyer might be interested in leveraging the brewery’s existing infrastructure, expertise, and established brand equity within the craft beer community.

Analyzing these facets of the strategic rationale provides a crucial lens through which to interpret the acquisition of Wachusett Brewing Company. By understanding the buyer’s underlying motivations and objectives, stakeholders can gain a more nuanced perspective on the transaction’s implications for the brewery’s future direction, product offerings, market positioning, and overall impact on the craft beer landscape. This analysis offers a foundation for informed speculation and informed observation of the evolving dynamics within the industry.

5. Market Impact

The acquisition of Wachusett Brewing Company invariably generates ripple effects within the market, the extent of which depends significantly on the acquiring entity. The buyer’s market position, existing portfolio, and strategic objectives directly influence the subsequent market dynamics. A large conglomerate acquiring a smaller craft brewery, for instance, may lead to increased distribution and market penetration for the acquired brand. Conversely, acquisition by a private equity firm with a focus on cost optimization could result in reduced marketing spend or product line rationalization, potentially impacting market share. Consider, for example, the hypothetical scenario of a national beverage company acquiring Wachusett. This could lead to wider distribution beyond New England, potentially impacting the market share of existing regional breweries. Alternatively, if acquired by a smaller, regional competitor, the impact might be more localized, primarily affecting market share within a specific geographic area.

Analyzing market impact requires consideration of several key factors. Changes in pricing strategies post-acquisition offer insights into the buyer’s market positioning objectives. An increase in prices could signal a focus on premiumization, while price reductions might indicate a strategy to gain market share rapidly. Shifts in distribution channels also play a significant role. Expanding distribution to national retailers would increase market penetration, whereas narrowing distribution to focus on specific channels could reflect a niche market strategy. Additionally, changes in marketing and branding efforts are crucial indicators. Increased marketing investment could signal an intent to build brand awareness and market share, while reduced marketing spend might suggest a focus on cost control or a reliance on the acquiring entity’s existing brand recognition.

Understanding the market impact of the acquisition is crucial for various stakeholders. Competitors can leverage this understanding to adapt their strategies, potentially by focusing on niche markets or strengthening their regional presence. Distributors gain insights into potential shifts in product availability and distribution channels, allowing them to adjust their logistics and inventory management. Retailers can anticipate changes in product offerings, pricing, and promotional activities, enabling them to optimize shelf space and marketing campaigns. Finally, consumers benefit from understanding how the acquisition might affect product availability, pricing, and brand identity, enabling informed purchasing decisions. Evaluating these interconnected factors provides a comprehensive understanding of the acquisition’s market impact, contributing to a more informed perspective on the evolving dynamics of the craft beer industry.

6. Brewery’s Future

The future trajectory of Wachusett Brewing Company is inextricably linked to the entity that acquired it. The acquiring entity’s background, industry experience, financial resources, and strategic objectives heavily influence the brewery’s operational direction, product development, market positioning, and overall brand identity. Understanding this connection is crucial for stakeholders, including employees, distributors, retailers, consumers, and industry analysts, to anticipate potential changes and adapt their strategies accordingly.

Consider, for example, the hypothetical scenario of acquisition by a large beverage conglomerate. This could lead to significant changes in the brewery’s operations, potentially including expansion of production capacity, streamlining of distribution networks, and integration of the brewery’s brand into the acquirer’s existing portfolio. This might involve changes to existing product lines, introduction of new products under the Wachusett brand, or even rebranding efforts to align with the acquirer’s overall marketing strategy. Conversely, acquisition by a smaller, independent entity, such as a private equity firm or another craft brewery, might result in a different set of outcomes. This could involve a focus on preserving the brewery’s existing brand identity and craft brewing traditions, with less emphasis on large-scale expansion or market penetration. Alternatively, a smaller acquirer might focus on niche market development, specializing in specific beer styles or distribution channels to differentiate itself from larger competitors.

Assessing the brewery’s future requires careful consideration of various factors. The acquirer’s financial stability directly impacts the resources available for future investments in equipment, marketing, and research and development. Their industry expertise influences their ability to navigate market challenges and capitalize on emerging trends. Their strategic alignment with Wachusett’s existing brand identity and values determines the likelihood of maintaining the brewery’s character and appeal to its established customer base. Ultimately, understanding the interplay of these factors provides valuable insights into the potential challenges and opportunities facing Wachusett Brewing Company in the post-acquisition landscape. Analyzing these elements equips stakeholders with the knowledge necessary to make informed decisions and adapt to the evolving dynamics of the craft beer market.

7. Employee Impact

The acquisition of Wachusett Brewing Company inevitably affects its employees, with the specific impact largely determined by the acquiring entity’s characteristics and strategic objectives. The buyer’s corporate culture, industry experience, and financial resources influence potential outcomes ranging from workforce integration and expansion to restructuring and downsizing. For instance, acquisition by a larger corporation with an established human resources infrastructure might lead to integration of Wachusett’s employees into the broader corporate structure, potentially offering new career development opportunities. Conversely, acquisition by a private equity firm focused on cost optimization might prioritize streamlining operations, potentially leading to layoffs or restructuring.

Consider a hypothetical scenario where a multinational beverage company acquires Wachusett. Existing employees might gain access to enhanced benefits packages, training programs, and career advancement opportunities within a larger organization. However, they might also face challenges adapting to a new corporate culture, potentially involving different management styles, performance expectations, and communication protocols. Alternatively, if acquired by a smaller craft brewery, employees might experience a greater degree of continuity in terms of work environment and company culture. However, opportunities for career advancement or access to extensive resources might be more limited. In cases of financial distress preceding the acquisition, new ownership could provide stability and job security, even if accompanied by operational restructuring or changes in job responsibilities. Examining real-world examples of brewery acquisitions reveals a spectrum of employee impacts, highlighting the importance of considering the specific context of each transaction.

Understanding the potential impact on employees provides valuable insights into the broader consequences of the acquisition. Employee morale and productivity directly influence the brewery’s operational efficiency and ability to maintain product quality and brand reputation. Retention of key personnel, particularly brewers and other skilled workers, is essential for preserving the brewery’s unique character and ensuring a smooth transition under new ownership. Furthermore, the impact on local employment levels and the economic contribution of the brewery to the surrounding community are important considerations. Analyzing these factors provides a more comprehensive understanding of the acquisition’s human dimension and its long-term implications for the brewery’s success.

8. Brand Continuity

Brand continuity for Wachusett Brewing Company post-acquisition hinges significantly on the acquiring entity’s strategic objectives and market positioning. The buyer’s approach to brand management, product development, and marketing directly impacts the brewery’s established brand identity and its resonance with consumers. Understanding this connection allows stakeholders to anticipate potential changes and assess their implications for the brewery’s long-term success.

  • Brand Identity Preservation

    Preserving Wachusett’s existing brand identity, including its visual elements, brand voice, and core values, is crucial for maintaining its established customer base and market recognition. A buyer prioritizing brand continuity might retain existing branding elements, emphasize the brewery’s history and heritage, and maintain consistent messaging across marketing channels. Conversely, a buyer seeking to integrate the brewery into its existing portfolio might implement rebranding efforts, potentially altering the logo, packaging, or brand narrative. Examples include craft breweries acquired by larger conglomerates that retain their original branding to capitalize on their craft image, versus those that undergo rebranding to align with the parent company’s portfolio.

  • Product Portfolio Management

    The acquiring entity’s approach to product portfolio management directly influences brand perception. Maintaining existing flagship beers and seasonal offerings signals a commitment to the brewery’s established identity. Introducing new product lines under the Wachusett brand or discontinuing existing products can significantly impact brand perception. For instance, a buyer focusing on expanding market reach might introduce new product variations targeting different consumer segments. Conversely, a buyer prioritizing profitability might rationalize the product portfolio, discontinuing less profitable lines, potentially alienating existing customers.

  • Marketing and Communication Strategies

    Marketing and communication play a crucial role in shaping brand perception post-acquisition. Maintaining consistent messaging across channels and engaging with the brewery’s existing community reinforces brand loyalty. Changes in advertising campaigns, social media presence, or public relations efforts can signal a shift in brand direction. A buyer prioritizing brand continuity might leverage existing community engagement strategies, while a buyer seeking to reposition the brand might implement new marketing campaigns targeting different demographics.

  • Community Engagement and Relationships

    Maintaining strong relationships with the local community and craft beer enthusiasts is crucial for preserving brand authenticity and loyalty. Continuing to support local events, sponsoring community initiatives, and engaging with craft beer aficionados reinforces the brewery’s established brand image. Conversely, neglecting community engagement or prioritizing national marketing campaigns over local initiatives could erode brand loyalty and alienate core customers. Examples include breweries that maintain their commitment to local partnerships and events post-acquisition, further strengthening their community ties, versus those that shift focus to broader market initiatives, potentially impacting local relationships.

These interconnected facets demonstrate how brand continuity for Wachusett is directly influenced by the acquiring entity’s decisions and priorities. Analyzing these elements provides valuable insights into the potential trajectory of the brand and its ability to retain its established identity and customer base within the evolving craft beer market. The long-term success of the brewery under new ownership hinges significantly on how effectively the buyer manages these aspects of brand continuity.

9. Distribution Changes

Distribution changes often follow brewery acquisitions, reflecting the acquiring entity’s strategic goals and market positioning. The new ownership structure’s influence on distribution networks, retail partnerships, and geographic reach significantly impacts product availability and market penetration. Analyzing these changes provides crucial insights into the post-acquisition strategy and its potential consequences for the brewery’s market presence.

  • Geographic Expansion

    Acquisitions can facilitate geographic expansion, extending a brewery’s reach beyond its established territory. A larger company with a national distribution network might leverage its existing infrastructure to introduce Wachusett’s products to new markets. Conversely, a regional focus might concentrate distribution within a specific area. For example, a national brewery acquiring a regional craft brewery might expand distribution nationwide, while acquisition by a regional distributor could intensify distribution within a specific state or region. Such changes affect product availability and competition within different geographic markets.

  • Retail Channel Adjustments

    Changes in retail channels often accompany acquisitions. A shift towards large retail chains could increase volume but potentially impact the brewery’s presence in smaller, independent stores. Conversely, focusing on specialty stores or direct-to-consumer channels might maintain brand exclusivity but limit market penetration. For example, an acquisition focused on volume growth might prioritize distribution through large supermarket chains, potentially reducing availability in independent liquor stores. Conversely, maintaining a focus on independent retailers could preserve existing relationships and brand image within the craft beer community.

  • Distribution Partnerships

    Brewery acquisitions frequently lead to adjustments in distribution partnerships. The acquiring entity might integrate the brewery into its existing distribution network, renegotiate existing contracts, or establish new partnerships. These changes impact product logistics, pricing, and market access. For example, integrating a newly acquired brewery into an existing wholesaler network streamlines logistics but might lead to conflicts with existing brands in the portfolio. Alternatively, maintaining separate distribution networks preserves existing relationships but could increase complexity and costs.

  • Direct-to-Consumer Strategies

    Direct-to-consumer (DTC) channels, including brewery taprooms, online sales, and delivery services, often experience changes following acquisitions. Expansion of DTC channels can strengthen brand loyalty and provide higher profit margins, while a de-emphasis on DTC might prioritize wholesale distribution for broader market reach. For example, investing in e-commerce platforms and expanding brewery taproom offerings enhances direct customer engagement, while prioritizing wholesale distribution through retail partners might reduce investment in DTC channels. These choices reflect the buyer’s strategic priorities and target market.

Analyzing these distribution changes within the context of the acquiring entity’s profile provides valuable insights into the long-term strategic vision for Wachusett Brewing Company. Understanding these shifts in product availability and market access offers crucial context for evaluating the acquisition’s overall impact on the brewery, its competitors, and the broader craft beer market. Examining how these changes align with the buyer’s overall business strategy provides a deeper understanding of their motivations and the potential long-term trajectory of the Wachusett brand.

Frequently Asked Questions

This section addresses common inquiries regarding the acquisition of Wachusett Brewing Company, providing concise and informative responses.

Question 1: Who acquired Wachusett Brewing Company?

The specific entity that acquired Wachusett Brewing Company is a crucial piece of information. Disclosing the buyer’s identity is essential for understanding the motivations and potential implications of the acquisition.

Question 2: When did the acquisition take place?

The acquisition date provides a critical reference point for understanding the context of the transaction and its subsequent impact on the brewery and the market. Establishing a clear timeline helps in analyzing market reactions and assessing the accuracy of related information.

Question 3: What was the financial value of the acquisition?

The transaction amount reflects the perceived value of the brewery at the time of sale and offers insights into the buyer’s financial commitment. Disclosing this information enhances transparency and allows for a more comprehensive understanding of the transaction.

Question 4: What is the strategic rationale behind the acquisition?

Understanding the buyer’s strategic objectives, whether market consolidation, brand diversification, or access to resources, is essential for interpreting the acquisition’s long-term implications for the brewery and the market.

Question 5: How might the acquisition impact Wachusett’s product offerings and distribution?

Potential changes to product lines, distribution networks, and retail partnerships are important considerations for consumers, distributors, and retailers. Addressing these concerns provides clarity on the potential impact of the acquisition on product availability and market access.

Question 6: What is the expected impact on Wachusett’s employees and brand identity?

Addressing potential impacts on employee roles, brand continuity, and community engagement is essential for stakeholders invested in the brewery’s long-term success. Transparency regarding these concerns fosters trust and allows for informed assessments of the acquisition’s consequences.

These responses offer a preliminary understanding of the key aspects surrounding the acquisition. Further research and analysis are encouraged for a more comprehensive perspective.

This FAQ section provides a foundation for exploring the subsequent sections of this article, which delve into the specific details of the acquisition and its implications in greater depth.

Understanding Brewery Acquisitions

Navigating the complexities of brewery acquisitions requires careful consideration of various factors. The following tips provide a framework for analyzing these transactions and their potential implications.

Tip 1: Research the Acquirer’s Background: Thoroughly investigate the acquiring entity’s history, industry experience, financial stability, and previous acquisitions. This research illuminates their potential motivations, strategic objectives, and likelihood of successful integration.

Tip 2: Analyze Market Dynamics: Assess the prevailing market conditions, industry trends, and competitive landscape. Understanding the market context provides insights into the strategic rationale behind the acquisition and its potential impact on market share and competition.

Tip 3: Evaluate Financial Implications: Examine the transaction amount, funding sources, and potential impact on the brewery’s financial performance. This analysis reveals the financial health of the deal and its potential long-term implications for the brewery’s sustainability.

Tip 4: Assess Brand Alignment: Consider the compatibility of the acquiring entity’s brand identity and values with those of the acquired brewery. Brand alignment influences the likelihood of maintaining brand continuity and customer loyalty.

Tip 5: Consider Distribution Network Impacts: Evaluate potential changes to distribution channels, retail partnerships, and geographic reach. Understanding distribution network impacts provides insights into potential shifts in product availability and market access.

Tip 6: Examine Operational Changes: Analyze potential impacts on production processes, brewing facilities, and supply chain management. Operational changes can significantly affect product quality, efficiency, and cost structure.

Tip 7: Evaluate Employee Impact: Consider potential implications for employee roles, compensation, benefits, and work environment. Understanding employee impact provides insights into the human dimension of the acquisition and its potential effects on morale and productivity.

By carefully considering these tips, stakeholders can gain a more comprehensive understanding of brewery acquisitions and their potential ramifications. This knowledge enables informed decision-making and strategic planning within the dynamic craft beer industry.

These tips provide a framework for interpreting the specific details of the Wachusett Brewing Company acquisition discussed in the concluding section of this article.

Conclusion

The acquisition of Wachusett Brewing Company represents a significant event within the craft beer landscape. Analysis of the acquiring entity’s background, strategic rationale, and potential market impact provides crucial context for understanding the transaction’s implications. Careful consideration of factors such as brand continuity, distribution changes, and employee impact offers further insights into the brewery’s potential trajectory under new ownership. The transaction’s financial details, including the acquisition amount and funding sources, contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the deal’s structure and potential long-term consequences.

The evolving dynamics of the craft beer industry necessitate ongoing observation and analysis. Further research into the acquiring entity’s post-acquisition strategies, market responses, and the brewery’s performance under new leadership will provide a more complete understanding of the acquisition’s long-term effects. Continued attention to these developments remains essential for stakeholders invested in the future of Wachusett Brewing Company and the craft beer industry as a whole.